Rising Bubble in Axisymmetric Sinusoidal Channel
Numerical simulation of a light, deformable bubble rising under gravity in a sinusoidally modulated channel (width = 8.0, height = 0.5, amplitude = 0.07, wavelength = 2.0). The bubble (rho = 0.001, mu = 0.01) displaces a heavier, more viscous fluid (rho = 1.0, mu = 1.0) under gravity g = 9.81, with surface tension sigm a = 0.01 and time step dt = 0.001. The curved geometry induces periodic confinement, modulating film thickness and causing variations in bubble speed and shape. Simulation employs interface-tracking with ALE mesh motion to resolve complex deformations and wall-film interactions.